Identify a clinical disorder that represents a fundamental disturbance of the anatomic (structural) and/or functional (physiological) integrity of the human urinary tract. Introduce the clinical disorder to your readers, describe the impact on community health and demonstrate your understanding of the material presented in Chapter 25 by correctly defining and using at least 4 anatomic and/or physiological terms related to a function of human urinary tract as related to the clinical scenario you introduce to your readers.
Written Assignment must be 3-4 pages, not including title or reference pages. The paper should include 1-2 strong arguments supported by at least 2 sources. Please make sure your assignment is double-spaced using Times New Roman, 12-point font, and 1” margins. Be sure to cite any references in APA Format. You can get assistance with APA formatting at: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
Papers will be assessed using the following criteria:
- There was a clear and sound introduction to the topic and an overview of the arguments used.
- Clearly defines key concepts used in their arguments as needed e.g. structural and functional terminology.
- Make connections with at least 2 sources and the concept of ‘human anatomy and physiology’ to provide cohesive and comprehensive arguments.
- Clearly defines at least 4 anatomic terms related to the human urinary tract e.g. structural and functional terminology.
- There was a final paragraph dedicated to a clear and summative conclusion.
- Paper professionally written without spelling or grammar errors.
- Paper is 3-4 pages in length, not including the title and reference pages.
- All references cited in APA format, with a source list
INTRODUCTION
The urinary system filters the blood and removes toxins produced in the body safely and efficiently. This paper identifies a clinical disorder that represents a fundamental disturbance of the anatomic and functional integrity of the human urinary tract.
Anatomy of the urinary tract
The kidneys are organs on either side of the spine that are about the size of a fist and act like filters that purify the blood. The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule form the renal corpuscle; the glomerulus is a tuft of high-pressure capillaries approximately 200 μm in diameter; the glomerular capillaries filter the blood (OpenStax, 2018). Blood filtered by the glomerular capillaries passes through the renal corpuscle, then through the nephron tubules and peritubular capillaries (OpenStax, 2018). These capillary networks collect most of the solutes and water, producing urine.
The ureter, which connects the kidney that produces urine and the bladder that stores urine, is about 30 cm long. The muscle layer of the ureter and surrounding muscles move urine to the bladder without the help of gravity and simultaneously prevent urine from flowing back into the kidneys(OpenStax, 2018).
The bladder is a dome-shaped organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum that collects and temporarily stores urine produced by the kidneys (OpenStax, 2018). In general, the bladder of an adult can hold 300-400 mL of urine, and when 150-200 mL of urine accumulates, the detrusor muscle contracts and pushes urine out into the urethra.
The urethra is the passageway through which urine exits the body from the bladder. The male urethra is about 20 centimeters long and functions not only as a passage for urine but also for semen. On the other hand, the female urethra is about 4 cm long, shorter than the male urethra, making it more prone to urinary tract infections (UTIs) (OpenStax, 2018).
Micturition is caused by the transmission of nerve impulses to the sacral region of the spinal cord resulting in the spinal reflex, which causes contraction of the detrusor muscle and involuntary relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter (OpenStax, 2018). However, as we grow up, we learn to control our external sphincter muscles intentionally, resisting the spinal reflex that constantly pushes us to urinate. And even if we feel the urge to urinate, we can control urination for a certain period.
Clinical disorder related to the urinary tract
・Urolithiasis.
Urolithiasis is a disease in which constituents such as calcium in the urine crystallize, forming stones in the urinary tract. Stones can form in many different places in the urinary tract and are called kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones, and urethral stones, depending on where these are located. The typical first symptom is sudden severe pain in the armpit and lower abdomen, which is so intense that it induces nausea, vomiting, and cold sweats (Thakore & Liang, 2022). Blood in the urine can occur when stones damage the urinary tract.
Stones form when components such as calcium, magnesium, and uric acid in urine become supersaturated and crystallize. Causes of stone formation include endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, lifestyle habits such as unfavorable diet, and obesity (Thakore & Liang, 2022). Calcium, phytate, and fluid intake reduce the risk of stone formation, while animal protein and sucrose intake increase the risk of stone formation (Trinchieri, 2008).
Urolithiasis is diagnosed by characteristic pain, symptoms, and radiography. In most cases, drugs such as diuretics, analgesics, and excretion stimulants that dilate the ureter are taken, and stones can be excreted through a large amount of water intake and moderate exercise (Thakore & Liang, 2022). However, there are rare cases where the stone grows in the kidney without causing any symptoms, leading to a decrease in renal function.
CONCLUSION
Our urinary system consists of the kidneys, the ureter, the bladder, and the urethra. The urinary system filters the blood and removes toxins produced in the body safely and efficiently. The spinal reflex causes micturition, but as we grow up, we learn to control our external sphincter muscles intentionally, resisting the spinal reflex that constantly pushes us to urinate. Therefore, even when we are urged to urinate, we can control urination for a certain period. An example of a clinical disorder related to the urinary tract is urolithiasis. Stones form when components such as calcium, magnesium, and uric acid in urine become supersaturated and crystallize.
References
Chua, W. (2019). Managing urolithiasis in primary care. MIMS Pharmacy. Retrieved from https://specialty.mims.com/topic/managing-urolithiasis-in-primary-care
OpenStax. (2018). Anatomy & physiology. Houston, TX: Rice University. Retrieved from https://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@12.6:fEI3C8Ot@16/Preface.
Thakore, P., & Liang, T. H. (2022). Urolithiasis. StatPearls. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559101/
Trinchieri A. (2008). Epidemiology of urolithiasis: an update. Clinical cases in mineral and bone metabolism : the official journal of the Italian Society of Osteoporosis, Mineral Metabolism, and Skeletal Diseases, 5(2), 101–106. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22460989/
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