1. Briefly describe (one or two paragraphs) the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer and how it is used to create cloned cells.
Encyclopedia Britannica explains Somatic cell nuclear transfer as a technique in "which the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg (an egg that has had its own nucleus removed)" (Stocum, 2020, para.1).
In somatic cell nuclear transfer the nucleus, which contains the organism's DNA, of a somatic cell (a body cell other than a sperm or egg cell) and the nucleus of an egg cell are removed, and the rest of the cell discarded. And then, insert the nucleus of the somatic cell into the enucleated egg cell (ScienceDaily., n.d.). "Donor somatic cell nuclei introduced into the enucleated oocytes quickly undergoes nuclear membrane break down to form metaphase chromosome in a process called premature chromosome condensation," and then, "the reconstructed SCNT oocytes are artificially activated to initiate developmental program to form blastocysts" (Matoba & Zhang, 2018, para.4). Cloned cells can make cloned cells in this way.
2. Explain what you consider to be the positive and negative aspects of cloning both scientifically and morally, giving at least three 'for' and three 'against' points.
-Positive Aspects of Cloning
1. It is possible to make a copy of a genetically superior individual, which means it is possible to increase many excellent individuals. For example, it is possible to increase the number of cows with delicious meat quality, and it leads to suppress variations in quality.
2. If the patient's own cells can be used to create an organ, a safe transplant without immune rejection will be possible.
3. I heard the business of cloning after the death of a pet is underway in some countries. The grief of bereavement may be alleviated if there is an existence that looks the same and has relatively similar behavioral characteristics.
-Negative Aspects of Cloning
1. The development of cloning technology requires the death of many experimental animals due to the low success rate of its experiments.
2. Somatic cell cloning technology Animals have a high incidence of stillbirth and premature death, and it is also a dangerous technology whose safety has not been confirmed even at the stage of animal experiments. It takes too much cost.
3. There is no genetic diversity at all because clones have the same genetic information. The damage will be spread at once if there is any genetic defect.
3. Discuss whether you think it is a good use of science and will benefit humanity or whether you believe it is unethical and should no longer be pursued? You can expand this discussion outside of therapeutic cloning if you wish and consider the idea that one day it may also be possible to clone whole human beings.
I agree with culturing meat and our organs when the success rate of cloning experiments is improved, and all negative aspects are resolved. The development of cloning technology will undoubtedly bring many benefits and revolutions to humans.
But I strongly oppose cloning whole human beings because it violates human dignity. Cloning technology opens the way for asexual reproduction that can produce offspring without the involvement of both sexes and fertilization. At the same time, it leads to consider humans as a means or tool for achieving a particular purpose, that is, humans. Cloning technology makes it impossible for humans to have free will and survival as individuals.
We all want to know our origin. As we grow up, we wonder why we were born, or whether we were pleased to be born, sometimes we suffer from these problems. We can not live by separating these kinds of questions. Individuals who are born of cloning technology will inevitably face this problem. I don't think people who are born into this world by cloning technology are happy.
References
Matoba, S., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Somatic cell nuclear transfer reprogramming: mechanisms and applications. Cell stem cell, 23(4), 471-485. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173619/
ScienceDaily. (n.d.). Somatic cell nuclear transfer. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer.htm
Stocum, D. (2020). Somatic cell nuclear transfer. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/somatic-cell-nuclear-transfer
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